It's not just that leaking Electrolytic capacitors damage the circuit board, although they do, but that the failed capacitor's value is now much lower than before it failed. This can severely degrade the circuit's operation, even rendering it inoperable. As the capacitor ages, the electrolyte evaporates. Eventually there isn't enough electrolyte left to allow the capacitor to store energy. In addition, the conducting aluminum foil plates can grow dendrites, crystal spikes that eventually contact the other plate, shorting out the capacitor. Not good. That's what killed a lot of computer motherboards in the early 1990's, the older motherboard's caps had failed. When high reliability is required, tantalum capacitors can be used in place of aluminum caps, but that's not a straightforward substitution, extensive design work is required to make it work. Tantalum caps are also much more expensive and take up more room on the circuit board, so those are potential limiting factors. I spent twenty-five years as an Electrical Engineer designing power supplies for electronics, where I used aluminum electrolytic capacitors extensively in my power supplies. If you want some cheap entertainment, apply a large voltage to an aluminum electrolytic capacitor far above its rated voltage and stand back! If you're lucky, it will screech like an eagle and blow up like a balloon! If not, it will explode like a firecracker! Wear safety glasses when you do this, the electrolyte is a highly corrosive acid! Tantalum caps don't blow up, they just burst into flames when their voltage limits are exceeded! Don't ask me how I know this, LOL! If you look at the top of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor, you will see lines cut into the top, like score marks made with a knife blade. Those are designed to tear open to allow the electrolyte to vent out of the case during an over voltage event, to prevent the capacitor from exploding as the electrolyte boils away due to the excess voltage applied.
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